You mean that thing that happens all the time at every office?
I have a post-it note on which my boss wrote his password for me, specifically because he was sick of my asking whenever I needed to be granted access to new things. I can't think of a single job I've that involved computers where I wasn't given access to user accounts that were not mine for reasons of expediency in the face of inflexable permissions systems.
thus it means explicit (and in writing! - good for you :) approval by the boss, and the boss bears primary responsibility here. In case of the original article it is pretty clear that the author didn't bother to get at least even informal approval from the higher-ups (even just mentioning that he is going to perform the task in that specific way in a conversation with that VP would go a long way) - that is a basic skill(or even i'd say "instinct") of covering your own lower behind one has to apply while working at a BigCo, be it Facebook or IBM.