Evidence that fish have feelings
bbc.com
bbc.com
We have 4 cats, two horses, a goat, and a dog. All exhibit behavior that is inexplicable without emotion. I realize that all of these creatures are pretty close to one another in terms of classification, but it wouldn't surprise me a bit if these behaviors existed in creatures more distantly related to our cadre of quadrupeds.
I read once that we are not our thoughts - we are the agent that experiences and hears our thoughts. I think that this meta-congition is uniquely human (and consequently, the ability to think about meta-congnition is uniquely human).
If we go one step up and think about the average high schooler, I still am having trouble differentiating what (the high schooler) he or she might feel from what the betta might -- hunger, sexual frustration, happiness, annoyance, loneliness... the betta probably can't do trigonometry, doesn't have opposable thumbs, and has a different set of instincts tailored to his environment. We've simply evolved to do different things; that doesn't mean humans cannot observe emotions analogous to our own in other creatures.
Spider-wise, I've never observed one for periods of time long enough to do much more than remove it from my house, but who knows.
Read the book -- it really is mind-altering.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans
https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=c+elegans+depression&...
The link is worth reading. Despite being short, it summarizes several reasons why non-humans are likely more similar than not to humans that have been developed in the past 2 decades, with no published counter-examples.
But you can buy manufactured Omega 3 and 6 from plants.
I alternate between them to minimize the damage I am doing to the planet.
Circle of life.
More importantly, we recognize that unlike animals, we cannot justify taking the life of a sentient being for no better reason than our personal dietary preferences. So it is probably not useful to consider the behavior of fish when making decisions about our own behavior.
Are we living on the same planet? Why do I have to give eating salmon any thought?
Here's a question to ponder: what are morals and these 'should's you describe meant for? For people to share common values so that we get along better, right?
That's created by humans, FOR humans, that we want to get along with!
For everything else, I don't really understand.
I am nice to squirrels, I just happen to like them. Rats, I don't like. Cockroaches I really don't like - when I see one in my house, I take a slipper and kill that sucka.
Am I supposed to justify stomping on a cockroach too? Where does this moralizing end?
Thats not really how morals are defined. That is just one oversimplified and fairly self serving definition of ethics.
But lets try this with your own view point: Try pondering the question you posed:
>what are morals and these 'should's you describe meant for?
Now since you believe common values help us get along, and you therefore believe that forms the basis of ethical decision, then your question needs to be:
"What common values do other people hold that may be different to mine?"
It may come as a shock to you, that there is whole world of people and even animals and insects, that don't share your views - that see the world through totally different eyes. If they don't contribute to your idea of a common value, does that make them worthless and irrelevant to the world, the world they live in.
By stomping on the cockroach (for no reason beyond what you like and don't like) - you are saying it has no value in your life, and therefore should not exist.
To be honest, this isn't about morality - its about having a basic respect for anything that lives. Why, given the chance, would you not have this respect?
(Edited: formatting)
I happen to have what you call 'basic respect' for living things, I find a dude snapping the neck of a rabbit 'icky'.
I see that as me having grown up in a city and never having to snap necks to make a meal that evening. If I end up living on a farm, I'm sure I'll quickly get used to snapping necks of chickens and rabbits no problem.
See, your whole argument boils down to 'why aren't you more like me? Isn't being like me better than being like you?'
That's one point of view, I'd much prefer other people be more like me as well, so that I can get along with them better etc. I just recognize that that's simply a self-serving preference.
If you want to make that point, please support it with an explanation to why and how I have led you to believe that? because I genuinely don't follow your logic.
>Ok let's be very clear about this - I stomp on a cockroach because I feel like it.
And you call that respect?
That isn't what I call a basic respect for living things. Finding a rabbits neck breaking "icky", also isn't a basic respect. If you could provide a reason for killing, like a health one, I might start to understand.
Let me try another tack thats a bit more 'on topic'. What behavior would a cockroach have to exhibit before you treat it like a human?
(Edited: formatting.. again)
Basic as opposed to what, can you also define intermediate and advanced respects while you're at it?
When you introduce vague terminology, the last thing you should do is criticize the person trying to work through your lack of conciseness.
Ironically, it potentially shows lack of 'respect' for my time :)
Human behavior. Awareness of social context. Learning, speech, and advanced decision-making and planning skills. Is that just a poorly-thought-out question?
Humans who lack these skills tend to get boxed up, put in cells, and treated like cattle, too.
Its an interesting set of qualities you ascribe to being human. does lacking all these (or some) of these make you worth less as a human? does it make you a 'cockroach'?
Some cultures certainly treat people with learning difficulties worse than cattle. Others love, support and engage them - understanding the world through their eyes too.
The same reason you would give thought to killing a Golden Retriever for food. Due to indoctrinated beliefs, people think it's alright to kill certain animals for food, but not others, and when asked why, the logical inconsistencies become very apparent. See http://www.carnism.org/ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=es6U00LMmC4
> Am I supposed to justify stomping on a cockroach too? Where does this moralizing end?
Any killing is self-defense in always justified. However, if there's an opportunity to practice non-violence, why not take it?
My answer is because I don't feel like it on that day. Sometimes I feel like practicing non-violence, other days I feel like practicing it and letting off some steam.
There is no inherent moral virtue in not picking up a stick when walking through a forest and slashing tall grass as you walk around.
Now if tall grass can express discontent similar to human discontent and you happily ignore it, then the issue is that you're likely to inflict human violence with no second thought.
THAT societies don't like. But don't get it twisted with empty moralizing - we want people to feel bad about violence to prevent violence to other humans within our tribe, that's it.
> you can recognize that fantasizing about a world that's impossible given human nature is simply a waste of time.
I'm a vegan - I'm not fantasizing, I'm actually living in accordance with my beliefs.
We have violence, violence is bad, if we want peace, we need to get rid of it.
Makes sense.
Is that realistic on any level? No.
So either you can stick to idealistic notions and claim that the world is messed up because people are not like you, or you can recognize that fantasizing about a world that's impossible given human nature is simply a waste of time.
Fantasizing about a better world is a good coping strategy that I use myself. I just don't believe it to be anything but a coping strategy. At the end of the day, I need a strategy to change the real world I'm living in, to my liking.
Telling people 'why not be more like me?' is not a very good strategy :) I dare say you actually lack the nuanced understanding of the world to actually make it the way you want it.
Let's put 100 people of your choosing, the ones with least apathy and most empathy on the planet, on an island. How well are you going to do?
What if they're a bunch of non-apathetic, empathetic idiots? They light themselves on fire trying to make a campfire, they chop off their own fingers cutting up salad, but they are so empathetic towards each other.
A few days later, you're all dead.
The inherent problem is people are dumb - your current beliefs on what's wrong with people falls in the naive category. THAT is the problem - there's no lack of empathy, there's lack of intelligence. Lack of empathy is mostly short sightedness - most people don't think of anything but themselves and their immediate family because they're dumb, not because they are apathetic, they don't have the capacity for much is all.
I see from another comment that you are Vegan, so how did you make the distinction of what living things are acceptable to eat, and which are not? Plants are just as alive as mammals, fish or insects; so if it isn't 'life' that you are preserving, what exactly is it? some idea of consciousness? intelligence? How does something like Honey fit into your view of this issue?
Further, how do you justify your greater reliance than meat eaters on migrant underpaid labor? Is human suffering for your nutrition preferable to animal suffering?
Isnt this just a game of semantic false moral superiority until there is a nutrition source that is completely death and suffering free?
Two things: plants aren't sentient and animals also eat plants - many, many times more plants than vegans do. So if you truly regard plant and animal life to be the same, it would behoove you to immediately stop eating animals! It's very obvious how this argument falls flat on its face when brought to the light of critical thinking.
> how do you justify your greater reliance than meat eaters on migrant underpaid labor?
This is just conjecture, but I'll try and answer anyway. You can be vegan and care about how workers are treated. Those two things aren't mutually exclusive. Personally, I grow most of my food myself, but obviously this isn't practical for most people. Why not turn this question around and ask, how are slaughterhouse workers treated and what their experience must be like?
> Isnt this just a game of semantic false moral superiority until there is a nutrition source that is completely death and suffering free?
Pretty ironic to hear this from someone who beliefs him or herself to be superior to animals, and justifies their destruction. It's not a game of semantics - in fact, it's not a game at all. Animal agriculture is the leading cause of climate change. You can be coy all you want, but you are actively contributing to the problem by consuming animal products.
Is a venus fly trap sentient? Is a cricket sentient? Is a starfish sentient? Is a worm sentient? How about trees that communicate with other trees nearby?[1][2]
>and animals also eat plants
Plants also eat animals[3] animals also eat other animals, so i dont understand how this is an argument.
>This is just conjecture
61% of all farmworkers have incomes below pverty level, average life expectancy subtanstially lower than rest of population[4]
cites migrants earning 7500$ per year, 52% having no legal status in US[5]
>Why not turn this question around and ask, how are slaughterhouse workers treated and what their experience must be like?
you could certainly make that argument, but i dont think its likely to mirror agricultural migrant labor
>Pretty ironic to hear this from someone who beliefs him or herself to be superior to animals, and justifies their destruction.
Thats quite a label to apply to someone you've never met and whose never said anything like that.
You seem to believe you are superior to plants though...
[1]https://karban.wordpress.com/research/ [2]http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden... [3]http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/volunteer/young_na... [4]http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/migrants.html [5]http://articles.extension.org/pages/9960/migrant-farm-worker...
> You seem to believe you are superior to plants though
The only one I'm superior to is myself when I still paid for the abuse of animals.
But we do breed, enslave and kill trillions of carrots, apples, potatoes, tomatoes, etc
But again, you have made it clear you feel that some life is not as valuable, namely plant life - so it is morally acceptable from your view to kill plants but not animals because of the difference in the value of life.
Thats good for you but i am interested in hearing arguments from someone who doesn't just ignore uncomfortable facts.
I'm simply exploring a philosophical question, while you are obviously defending your lifestyle choices.
That philosophical question being how can one type of life be valued more than another, or how do you justify a moral position of life is precious while simultaneously ending life daily for nourishment. this is a quandary literally every human on the planet faces, no one is attacking veganism, or you , or your choices.
How you are missing that this is my argument, and continually projecting me as some one dimensional 'vegans are even worse than meat eaters' is quite confounding to me.
I don't think there is any coherent and useful definition of sentience for which no plants are sentient but all animals are sentient.
Sure, but whether the things which make up that distinction have particular ethical significance is a different question. And I have yet to see any definition of sentience for which both of the following are true:
(1) It does, in fact, apply to all animals and no plants, and
(2) Most people would agree that it has ethical significance.
In fact, I haven't seen any definition of sentience for which even (1) alone is true.
> Like I said, even if it were true that plants feel pain the same as animals, one would still be compelled to go vegan, since animals "kill" more plants than people do by eating them directly.
That seems to a apply a utilitarian standard of ethics, not the categorical one which is usually in arguing that veganism is an ethical compulsion (under the categorical ethics usually applied to argue for veganism, recognizing plants as sentient would make eating either inexcusable, even if it were a survival necessity.)
Once you accept that its a utilitarian matter, determining that something is ethically demanded requires agreeing to a particular ethical calculus -- a method of aggregating utilities and disutilities experienced by different participants. And there's an infinite number of possible functions that can be used, and they can support any possible conclusion.
Veganism is the ethical position that animals should not be exploited for food, clothing and other purposes. If you want to start a Compassion for Carrots organization, be my guest, but please don't form conjecture on others' behalf. You've also not yet provided evidence for plants' sentience, so you haven't actually given reason for considering the abuse of animals to be ethical or acceptable.
So you dont care about the morality of ending life, you only care about the morality of ending sentient life - got it.
Well you win, veganism is definitely the superior lifestyle choice, you are a better person than everyone on earth who isnt vegan. There are zero philosophical or moral quandries that exist within veganism, especially with respect to the value of life.
No, a person could not credibly make that argument. Don't forget that the meat-providing animals have to eat plant material.
So you have the same problems of the vegan diet, plus the inefficiency of the plant-to-meat conversion, plus killing of the meat animals.
Of course we do. There are thousands of rodents for every cow. This is a silly discussion. Its a pity it makes Vegans seem responsible for billions of deaths, but there it is.
And I seriously doubt that 15 farm animals are killed for every man, woman and child on the planet. That's gotta be fiction.
You kill things in order to survive.
Full stop.
Meat eaters, vegans, pescatarians, vegetarians, whatever - they all survive by killing other living things and consuming them.
I was wondering the opinion of someone who was making good passionate arguments against the consumption of meat on the basis that it is immoral to kill and eat living things.
I guess wondering how that user feels about this philosophical quandary is downvote worthy though
It's not about pursuing some ideal in which no one gets hurt. It's also ludicrous to argue that "killing" plants is in any way comparable to killing actual animals. Check out this site, it very accurately and in a straightforward manner discredits all of the arguments you've made against veganism in this thread so far - http://adaptt.org/veganism.html#
I am not making arguments against veganism, i am asking a philosophical question in response to a moral position. Please understand i am not attacking you or your lifestyle
My argument was, again, how do you use a moral justification of 'killing things is wrong' to change from one lifestyle of killing things, to another lifestyle of killing different things?
Why is cow vs golden retriever so important, but golden retriever vs potato completely laughable? You are still ending life to nourish your body no matter what. Both a cow and a potato cause and have external costs as well (i would say methane from cows is less or equally concerning as pesticides)
This is what Jainists believe and they actually avoid root vegetables for this reason. I'd like to see you make the same argument for fruit, for example. Do you think "killing" a fruit is the same as killing a cow? Do you really think a fruit's life is "ended" when I bite into it? If so, you're just appealing to ridicule and I'm not sure this conversation is worth having.
> i would say methane from cows is less or equally concerning as pesticides
The methane emitted from cattle farming is literally one of the largest contributors to climate change. To say it's less concerning than the use of pesticides shows a deep ignorance of the contradicting evidence, or confusion.
Why is cow vs golden retriever so important, but golden retriever vs apple completely laughable? You are still ending life to nourish your body no matter what.
Oh and i doubt you will have that opinion if bees are eradicated worldwide due to pesticides and we all die off
For the record, it's almost guaranteed that any rice you eat in India has had cockroaches in the rice sack. Not a lot you can do about it. That's why we wash and cook things.
Now, admitting that I'm largely ignorant about conditions in India, and recognizing that it's a very large country with wide variations--is it not the case that public health in India is generally worse than in more developed nations where e.g. cockroaches would be considered a pest to be eliminated, partially for health reasons? If so, could that attitude toward them be part of the reason for the worse public health? I'm asking out of curiosity; this is not an assertion. :)
Why not?
What should provide a moral foundation for our behavior?
That's a trick question. There is no objective basis for morality. We can make it whatever we like, preferably optimizing our value preferences. As for me, I like meat, so I will continue to enjoy eating animals. On the other hand, I personally dislike unnecessary cruelty, so I am not adverse to treating farm-raised animals better, up to some point where the tradeoff between lots of cheap meat and well-treated animals starts looking bad for me. There is, of course, no objectively "correct" value-preferences either, but since humans are social animals, you should probably abide by the norms of your social group if you want to fit in. Morality as herd instinct in the individual and all.
> More importantly, we recognize that unlike animals, we cannot justify taking the life of a sentient being for no better reason than our personal dietary preferences.
Sure we can. I want to, and that's all the justification I need. What is your basis for claiming that I need some special justification?
Edit (can't directly reply):
> There's nothing objectively wrong or evil about suffering
There is plenty wrong with causing suffering. I think in the case of eating animals, society is quite detached from the experience, though. That's why we shy away from watching slaughterhouse videos, why we put pictures of happy cows on cartons of milk - why such an unbelievably rosy picture must be painted to justify ruthless and horrific violence taking place all the time. Anyway, I would like to share with you that it has been my experience watching those videos and learning more about how animals are treated for food and other purposes changed my perspective, and it might interest you, too. Earthlings is a powerful documentary, is available free on YouTube, and I recommend it.
> The only reason you and I wouldn't accept that argument about kicking a dog is because that goes against strong social norms our culture has about abusing pets.
Exactly! To the same point, the reason it is acceptable to raise and kill billions of animals are also social norms and culture. Is the hypocrisy of it all not apparent?
> I find the presumption of moral superiority repugnant, especially in an age where we should all know better.
It's appalling you don't recognize that not abusing sentient creatures is morally superior. Personally, I see this as a strong denial mechanism which you may be yet unaware of. Do check out the Earthlings documentary, it will really open your eyes.
The only reason you and I wouldn't accept that argument about kicking a dog is because that goes against strong social norms our culture has about abusing pets. That doesn't make our beliefs moral truths, or our arguments sound.
What you're advocating is that we change those norms to proscribe the eating of animals based on your value-preferences - you're advocating a change of our tastes, in both senses of the word. And you are not going to sway many people to make a fundamentally emotional decision with 'logical' or 'moral' reasoning, particularly when for many people the eating of meat (or even the killing of animals) is not only something they like but part of their cultural identity. Even so, people like me are still going to be steadfast in their opposition to your attempted revolution of social norms based simply on their value-preferences and because, frankly, I find the presumption of moral superiority repugnant, especially in an age where we should all know better.
Nothing wrong or evil about human-inflicted suffering? So, what is objectively wrong or evil in this world? Give me some examples.
The only reason you and I wouldn't accept that argument about kicking a dog is because that goes against strong social norms our culture has about abusing pets.
That's really the only reason you see for this? So, anything that doesn't go against social norms is ethically acceptable? Are there no historical incidents where horrible things were done within the bounds of "social norms" that maybe make you question that belief? Is it always right, if popular opinion says it is?
Nothing. That's my whole point. Can you tell me where we can see what is objective evil? Or is it all just ultimately based on our contemporary feelings that "oh, that's awful"?
> So, anything that doesn't go against social norms is ethically acceptable?
Correct, ethically acceptable is defined by your culture. If you're an ancient Aztec, human sacrifice is ethical. If you're a 21st century American, human sacrifice is not ethical.
> Are there no historical incidents where horrible things were done within the bounds of "social norms" that maybe make you question that belief?
No, because I'm not arrogant enough to declare myself somehow wiser and more able to see The Truth than the billions of humans who have lived on this earth over the past two million years who were also convinced they alone knew the truth of right and wrong while all holding very different moral beliefs from one another. Why do you think you're different? If there is a "true" morality, it is clearly not accessible to mere mortals by reason.
My particular ethics are (mostly) utilitarian in nature. Maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering, with a recognition that we live in a world of limited resources and limited understanding of both happiness and suffering. But, it's relatively easy to recognize suffering, so I try to shape my life in such a way that the amount of suffering I cause is minimized. I would argue that suffering is a more objective measure than popular opinion, though neither is perfect, and both rely on my ability to understand what other people or sentient beings are experiencing and thinking.
"No, because I'm not arrogant enough to declare myself somehow wiser and more able to see The Truth than the billions of humans who have lived on this earth over the past two million years"
But, arrogant enough to dismiss thousands of years of philosophers on the topic of ethics. Got it.
Frankly, I find your belief on this repugnant, and disturbing. I'm not sure how to even have a conversation about ethics with someone who denies the very existence of ethical behavior, instead replacing it with adherence to popular opinion (and demanding objectivity while relying on something as shifting and difficult to observe as the beliefs of large groups of people).
Why? Utilitarianism is fine, but the variable you choose to optimize and why is precisely what is subjective. Why optimize for happiness and not order? Or security? Or liberty? Or really, anything else? Simply because you prefer it.
> But, arrogant enough to dismiss thousands of years of philosophers on the topic of ethics. Got it.
Are you sure you're not picking and choosing your philosophers, and picking and choosing what they had to say on the subject? While there has been an abundance of philosophers writing reams and reams on the subject, I think you might find the majority of them simply wrote to extol a particular brand of norms (usually the imagined ones of their past) without justifying them on any solid rational basis. A careful examination of these 'ethics' generally finds they're quite distinct from what a 21st century westerner actually regards as ethical. There have also been plenty of philosophers saying exactly what I am saying.
> I'm not sure how to even have a conversation about ethics with someone who denies the very existence of ethical behavior, instead replacing it with adherence to popular opinion (and demanding objectivity while relying on something as shifting and difficult to observe as the beliefs of large groups of people).
The fortunate thing is that the product of normal socialization is a human being who has already been instilled with the norms that society wants it to hold and therefore most people are in agreement about the broad strokes of what is right and wrong. And if they haven't been convinced, then ideally the law keeps them in check. Naturally, because our society is so large and there are so many influences on people from different perspectives, and because societal norms are fundamentally fuzzy, people can argue for days about whether particular things are right or wrong.
And yes, cataloging the changing norms of societies is an incredible and fascinating enterprise that, even more than a hundred years from its real beginning, still has a very long way to go.
In general, you should interpret what I'm writing as descriptive, not prescriptive.
> There is plenty wrong with causing suffering.
What, specifically? What makes it wrong?
> I think in the case of eating animals, society is quite detached from the experience, though. That's why we shy away from watching slaughterhouse videos, why we put pictures of happy cows on cartons of milk - why such an unbelievably rosy picture must be painted to justify ruthless and horrific violence taking place all the time.
For millions of years, most people hunted down and slaughtered their own food. In many cases the animals suffered horribly, even as badly or worse than they do in our industrial farming environments.
I agree that most people are far removed from the experience of the suffering and killing of farm animals. I think that's exactly why people like you exist. Most people are raised up surrounded by puppies and kittens, not food animals, and grow up watching Disney movies full of friendly, talking animals. The majority of modern western society is far removed from the reality of life. No surprise that when confronted with excerpts from it, they respond with horror, it being utterly at odds with their prior experience.
> To the same point, the reason it is acceptable to raise and kill billions of animals are also social norms and culture. Is the hypocrisy of it all not apparent?
No. There is no larger moral framework. Morality is a social phenomena that manifests in arbitrary ways, though with humans (as with other social animals) it will always tend to some degree of in-group altrusim. There is no hypocrisy to be had because it is fundamentally arbitrary.
> It's appalling you don't recognize that not abusing sentient creatures is morally superior
This is my point. Our culturally contextual blinders generally prevent us from coming to objective conclusions about right and wrong. There is no objective right and wrong. There is no telescope science can use to inform us about moral reality. There are no sacred laws inscribed on our souls by God. Innumerable philosophers have tried to ground morality in something objective and all of them failed. This is why you keep repeating that the suffering and killing of animals is wrong, but cannot explain to me why this is so, except that is appalling that I need an explanation. It is a reality for you, insofar as it is a reflection of your feelings and tastes, but your feelings and tastes are not my feelings and tastes nor at they anyone else's; they are yours alone. History is the single best teacher of the subjectivity of morality.
There's nothing wrong (in my opinion) with having the feelings and tastes you do (and therefore the moral-philosphical positions), but you cannot convince me, or people like me, of your position by stamping your feet and asserting a moral superiority that not only does not exist but cannot exist.
> Personally, I see this as a strong denial mechanism which you may be yet unaware of.
My moral nihilism, or whatever you might choose to label it, came to fruition long before I had the vaguest idea of defending the eating of animals. Nor do I feel particularly strongly on the subject; if a law was passed tomorrow I would chiefly be annoyed at the difficulty of getting the protein/calorie ratio demanded by my workout and diet regimen.
I am not interested in the documentary, having seen plenty of examples of gratuitous animal cruelty myself, and having killed animals (legally) myself. There is no amount of suffering that a video could show me that would change my mind because I deny that the suffering is inherently wrong. I merely prefer that the suffering of animals be minimized to the extent that it can be done without raising the cost of meat significantly.
I deny objective ethics always, regardless of whether it justifies my behavior.
> Only a very sad and miserable person must beg for an explanation as to why inflicting suffering is wrong.
This is what I mean. There is no real explanation as to why inflicting suffering is inherently wrong, so the natural resort (probably the evolved retort) is to assume I'm evil/wicked/sad/miserable. That's the natural response to anyone who doesn't fit in the prescribed norms, but that of course does not make it objective.
> Perhaps you are yourself trapped in a cycle of fear, apathy and pain, so you don't recognize it in others?
Well, I feel happy. :)
There is no connection between virtuosity and happiness, though many ancient writers dearly wished there was, unless society consistently punishes people who violate norms. That's been known at least since Ecclesiastes.
> I hope you will have the humility to watch the documentary I suggested after all,
Even disregarding what I said, I don't watch documentaries. Any documentary. It takes too much time for too little content that is too easily edited into propaganda, and though I don't think it is the case here, they are too often the sources touted by conspiracy theorists.
I recommend reading something more outside of your stream, perhaps Zhuangzhi or Nietzsche.
As far as I know, humans have a monopoly on the industrialzation of livestock production.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071009212548.h...
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150105-animals-that-grow-th...
We have the privilege of being able to choose to live without doing that.
The assumption in every culture I've lived in has been that eating animals and their byproducts is not only acceptable, but the right thing to do. That is the default; the "presupposed" belief. But, it is a belief that requires no evidence to be accepted by the majority of people.
When shown evidence that animals experience suffering because of this behavior, and when shown evidence that animal agriculture is disastrous for the environment, you have evidence on which to make decisions from an ethical perspective, and not merely a cultural history perspective. What you do with that evidence is up to you, of course; the law will likely never, in our lifetimes, be strict enough to prevent animal suffering or environmental catastrophe. So, it's your decision to participate in it, or not, and to what degree.
The sheer volume of methane from animal production is raising the temperature of the planet dangerously.
Next, the Petri dish that is playing Russian Roulette by exhausing antibiotics and incubating the next pandemic are the two final nails in the coffin of meat.
Good luck with that belief that energy-intensive lifestyle should or can scale to 10 billion people.
We should be setting a better example for developing nations and choosing wiser diet and lifestyle behaviors which won't doom us to move entire cities inland.
What is sad is that most comments on HN are about "feelings" that their pet fish has and how fscking happy they are when fed.
As a recanted neurobiologist, I find that surprising and I'm willing to go along with the headline. It would be even more surprising (to me, at least) to find that something as fundamental as emotional response were not to be found in more primitive branches of the phylogenetic tree.
So cannibalism and eating dolphins is way more closer than the average human is comfortable with, so people like to err on the lest uncomfortable side.
Just that stress = hyperthermia in a fish.
It's a result, but it's not the result in the HN title. Which is not in the article BTW.
>One particular trait used to identify consciousness, which was previously thought to be absent in fish, is the capacity for stress-induced hyperthermia or “emotional fever”. This is a physical reaction similar to a fever caused by infection, but in this case the trigger is a stressful situation. Basically, the body gets warmer in response to stress.
That would imply that if it's a marker for consciousness it's not a well accepted one. Maybe it's one marker among many, but certainly not enough to support the HN title "Fish have feeling".
And simply on a logical level I'm not seeing the connection between stress causing heat, and consciousness.
Animals obviously can get stressed, and animals obviously can have a fever. I'm not seeing why consciousness is necessary to link the two.
So, if the lack of response (in previous measurements) was considered evidence against fish having feelings, why would this better experiment, which did observe the response in fish, not be considered evidence of fish having feelings?
My server also increases temperature under high load. Should I conjecture that it has feelings?
Occam's razor can just as easily be applied here to come to a conclusion that is opposite your conclusion.
Fish do things that mammals (humans) do. We know that mammals do those things (stress fever) because they are experiencing things in a way at least somewhat comparable to the way we experience them (they are experiencing discomfort and fear and their body is responding to it, just as ours do). What is the simpler explanation here?
1. Your conjecture that fish are utterly and completely different from other living things that exhibit this response and that they are exhibiting this response for reasons unlike our reasons (i.e. they aren't experiencing discomfort and fear, but are still heating up like we do).
2. They're more like other sentient beings than we'd previously assumed, and are experiencing things in some ways similarly.
In short: If you're coming at this with the strongly held belief that fish are impossibly different from humans and can't possibly have feelings, you would interpret your way. But, if you're coming at it with no strongly held beliefs on the subject, and you see a fish behave in ways that indicate they are sentient and experience suffering like other animals...well, you assume the responses and behaviors are because they are kinda like those other animals.
Your assumption (that this response has no relation to the similar response in mammals) requires a new explanation for why the response happens. Thus, it seems to not be the simplest explanation (to me).
I don't conclude that fish don't have feelings and human have. What I say is that "feelings" and "experiencing" are undefined terms. So, both statements "fish have feelings" and "fish don't have feelings" are meaningless.
> Your assumption (that this response has no relation to the similar response in mammals)requires a new explanation for why the response happens.
I didn't assume that.
"Experiencing fear" is not an explanation for heating. The real explanation requires less abstraction, modelling organism as close to physics as possible, explaining biological processes that happen inside, not just comparing fish to mammals in a way that is more abstract than biology itself.
> Thus, it seems to not be the simplest explanation (to me).
Occam's razor is not about the simplest explanation. The simplest explanation for everything is "god will". Just as inventing "god" is simpler, inventing "fear", "feelings", "mind" and other non-material things is simpler, but unnecessary and does not explain anything really.
"Feelings" is an abstraction that makes it easier to explain human behaviour. With fish, asking questions like "does it have feelings", "does it have free will", "is it conscious" etc. is just the same as asking the same questions about machines: it does not help you to make any decisions about how to interact with it, so it does not matter.
From Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence
See: "Something in the Way" - Nirvana
Previous discussion here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8131772
Edit: I guess only stress == hyperthermia but it's still a step in the general direction.
I've never understood that.
The work of Joel Salatin really challenged my veganity. [1]
I wonder why HN would discuss "mind", "consciousness", "being an observer", etc. All these terms are no different from religious "soul", philosophical "qualia", they are equally undefined.
At this point of progress in AI and computing I would expect hackers to study how intelligence invents these terms [2], not falling for this mistake themselves. It was suggested that AI would become "confused and as stubborn as are men in their convictions about mind-matter, consciousness, free will, and the like" at the beginning of AI development [3]. I would be more interested in study of how AI or more intelligent animals, such as monkeys, develop religion and "mind"-like terms.
The article itself [4] is about stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH). It proves that fish increases temperature and moves to more warm water in response to stress. It is not too interesting for HN. Instead, synonym "emotional fever" is used for SIH and the conclusion is made that fish is capable of emotion and everyone happily discusses meaningless "emotions", "consciousness" and the like.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religio...
[3] https://groups.csail.mit.edu/medg/people/doyle/gallery/minsk...
[4] http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1819/2015...
I don't think that really supports the theory of fish having feelings. I'm not sure it requires feelings to respond to repeated stimuli in a way to generates a more advantageous outcome. That's not to say fish don't have feelings, just that I'm not sure this is necessarily good evidence.
> Each one we have had over the years has had a distinct personality
That seems more likely to be indicative of feelings/consciousness in my eyes. Personality, specifically different personalities in the same type of organism, would indicate to me complex learned behavior (what else is personality but that?).
The whole subject of "feelings" is kinda thorny as long as you either subscribe to a worldview where there's no real difference between inanimate and living objects (it's all just a bunch of atoms, it just so happens that some bunches move and some are stationary), or, alternatively, if you do believe in such a difference but have nothing but a gut feeling to rely on when defining the limit between "machines" and "feeling beings." Which means it's a thorny issue for, well, most of us.
So, what I meant was that I'm not sure response to feeding, or imminent feeding necessarily shows of any of the mechanisms I would associate emotions, in my naive understanding of the subject, purely on the basis that I think a similar response could be achieved without emotions. I thin human behavior is complex enough that emotions are evident in most cases, even on short observation. For example, viewing feeding in humans with more than a few individuals would probably show common groupings between the humans after just a short while. While it's possible that this could be the result of extremely complex or finely tuned automata, it's more likely in my eyes that there are more complex feedback mechanisms in place (which to be fair, could easily be classified under "extremely complex automata").
In short, I don't place a huge importance on emotions, as I think they are just an extra mechanism that develops in complex feedback systems for a more advantageous set of responses to stimuli. That said, I think we can look at how organisms respond to stimuli and make educated guesses as to whether emotions are in play or not, and to what degree. I also don't believe there's any real distinction between a machine and a human being. We've just developed feedback mechanisms so complex that they've generated new emergent behavior.
The article is about "emotional fever", defined as "a transient rise in body temperature shown in response to a variety of stressors". Article shows that fish can show this behaviour. On the other hand, the "lack of consciousness" or its existence, is not proven. It is just a hypothesis, based on some "view", expressed in [2].
[1] http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1819/2015...
It's interesting that your empathy would necessitate that they had feelings to begin with.
I don't take it to an extreme -- I regularly splatter bugs on the windshield of my car. Though, it's fun to view it from the prospective of a potentially conscious bug, fighting the invasion of the scourge of the giant genocidal automobiles, bugs suicidally hurtling themselves at the attackers in a futile attempt to defeat them. I also don't extend the courtesy to plants.
Why? Life is precious and rare, regardless of what form it's in. Just the fact that we don't know if these creatures have a consciousness is enough for me. Someone with an IQ of 1 deserves to live as much as anyone else.
There's good reason to believe that there isn't. Which means it's ultimately a political question and will always have an arbitrary answer.
Have not seen a convincing argument that we will not find an evolutionary line in the sand between sentient and automaton animals.
Evolutionary success creates only the illusion of lines, none really exist.
Reality has very few lines.
Using an unnecessarily strict definition for line, you'll find there is almost nothing in the universe that is perfectly distinct:
There are no species, no genders, no living things, dead things, no discrete individuals, not even any discrete objects, no colors. Nothing is high, nothing is low, nothing is dark, nothing is bright; nothing is anything.
We can obviously draw a boundary between quadrupeds and bipeds -- we're doing it the second we use the words. Whether that boundary is absolute is not valuable.
The interesting question isn't "Can we argue for a continuum of awareness between insects and humans?" That part is easy.
The interesting part is, "Do we know enough about consciousness to describe a meaningful boundary between them?"