Linux 4.1+ with ext4 supports filesystem level encryption, and it encrypts filenames. The implementation seems very complex, I'm not sure how mature this feature is. I think the state is probably "not production ready", but I don't know very much about this.
http://blog.quarkslab.com/a-glimpse-of-ext4-filesystem-level...
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ft26lUQyuSpiu6VleP70_npa...