Edit: Why downvotes?
In fact... it's been done eight years ago:
http://www.appelsiini.net/2008/google-maps-without-javascrip...
http://www.appelsiini.net/2008/google-maps-without-javascrip...
Look at where the map images are coming from, copy the link, and play around with the URL parameters. Yes, this still works.
I also distinctly remember playing some HTML adventure games with similar pan/zoom/click interfaces before the millenium, and they didn't require JS either (nor took quite as long as the apps of today to load, on hardware that was probably an order of magnitude or more less powerful.)
Also: auto-complete
Web sites, however, don't need almost any JavaScript to work. 90% of it is either unnecessary design that distracts and confuses users, or actively user-hostile scripts (ad popups, trackers, interfaces designed to trick you into buying stuff, etc.).
- Google Docs
- infinite scrolling (of course someone is going to say infinite scroll is a bad thing but it's clearly desirable to some)
- input validation (before I click submit I can know that eg my desired username isn't taken)
- others
All of these need Flash or JS. For such a technically inclined community I'm always amazed at how folks on Hacker News insist that the Web remain a circa 1990s document browsing system.
Ignoring your first two bullets, which pertain to web applications - something completely different than web pages - you've just about listed the proper uses for JavaScript. Most of the JS out there is at best gratuitous design, and at worst actively user-hostile crap. Just visit a few random pages you use and ask yourself, how many JavaScript-powered features are there to actually help you achieve your goal in an efficient manner? Probably close to zero.
Most websites are not designed with user's benefit in mind. They are designed to trick and exploit them. When 99.9% of the page size is hostile bullshit that only wastes electricity by spinning your CPU fan, you're really asking why so many people here ask for the pre-JS Internet back?
The "circa 1990s document browsing system" may have been poorer in visual features, but it was much better a system than what we have today.