Ten years later, did Boston's Big Dig deliver?
bostonglobe.com
bostonglobe.com
I see it as flushing away a huge amount of technical debt that we had incurred over the last 100 years, hopefully setting us up for modernization on many fronts - which is quite a big deal when you consider it's competing to be a top tech hub.
I had the pleasure of returning to the city in 2015 for a brief bit of work with my current company and was utterly blown away at the transformation of the boulevard, the green spaces, the visual beauty...and just the sense of openness and lightness. I felt like I could breath easier just walking down the street.
It's a shame to have had to overpaid so dearly for that, but what an amazing result. It was a great city before, but this just felt next-level.
For point of comparison, the population of Boston is around 700k, and the per capita income is 33k. That's... $23 billion.
I support infrastructure projects, and at this point think we should consider the Big Dig a learning experience and not a political punching bag. But can we really say it's a success, considering the countless other uses of the money that we had to pass on?
Edit: I don't think it's disingenuous, though. People genuinely do get confused about the difference between what a thing really is and what a thing is officially called.
It was expensive, but so are lots of other projects and practices. How many unnecessary & duplicative military bases do we operate in the South?
When it's paid for by taxes, you have the corporations who can now hire people from outside the city more easily, the tourism industries, and other entities that are actually reaping the most from the project paying for a proportionally larger amount than your average driver. Not only is that more fair, that the only way such a project could ever get funded.
"Here's this nice shiny new road, it's yours for free! All you have to do is pay $500/month in car expenses to use it. For Free!"
And improving one road requires further improvements to other roads as traffic increases due to induced demand. City streets (and parking) is extremely expensive to improve, so after you spend billions of dollars to feed cars into downtown more efficiently, how do you address downtown congestion and parking?
Those in the suburbs (of which I was one) drive to train/subway stations on the outskirts and take those in. You'd be an absolute fool to try to drive into the mess of one-way streets that is downtown Boston unless you have a really good reason.
Buses make good feeders to trains, but aren't so good for main routes. If you want people to use transit, it needs to be usable.
BRT is a good compromise.
I've done a cross-town bus commute and that was a good commute, the bus was crowded, but tolerable for 15 - 20 minutes. But then I moved and tried a longer distance bus commute from the suburbs to work, but didn't stick with it as it took 45 minutes longer than driving (30 minutes by car, 75 minutes by bus), and dropped me off a 15 minute walk from work. I could bike in about the same amount of time as taking the bus. A road accident meant that the bus could take even longer since it had to sit in the same traffic.
My current commute is much farther by miles, but shorter by time because I now live where I can take a train. Limited stop express trains are great. Full grade separation would be even better (to reduce delays due to accidents), but taking the train is faster than driving so I wouldn't even consider taking the car.
The new underground freeway is a waste. Twenty billion dollars were buried for a road that does little for outer suburb traffic and nothing at all for Boston. The best thing would have been to knock down the Central Artery and replace it with nothing at all.
Or we could have had a North Station-South Station connector. You could have that as a cheap cut-and-cover subway for 1% the price of the Dig. You could find a way to demolish the new City Hall along the way; that hideous thing has to go. It would be a bit slow and have a turn or two at that price but would be fantastic for transit service.
But on the other hand, really that's just righting the wrong of building them in the first place.
On the other hand, imagine what $20bn could have done to the public transit infrastructure in Boston, which is dying out for a Crossrail/RER style project to link the two main commuter rail terminals to allow through trains.
I also don't agree with the article about the silver line service to Logan. It's insanely slow (stopping to change over from electric to LNG, traffic in the shared sections and worst of all the buses are just not designed for airports with the luggage and the bunching caused by traffic means some buses are really busy with ones running behind nearly empty. That doesn't happen on proper segregated right of way.
BRT is generally a terrible solution, delivering most of the costs of light rail with few of the benefits.
For what it's worth, the slurry walls constructed for the Big Dig tunnels were built to also accommate the North/South rail link if the state ever decides to fund it. That said the link is such a complex undertaking, I sincerely doubt it will happen in our lifetimes.
For people west of town, it's a great convenience to park or be dropped at Alewife station, ride the Red Line to South Station, then the Silver Line to the airport. This is versus the old system where you had to change twice. We're thankful for small things.
And yes, the lengthy stop to change over from electric to diesel is logical yet seems poorly implemented. Many times I've watched the driver climb out to manually operate the electrodes. Surely it's possible to better automate this process, given that people headed toward the airport are usually in a huge hurry?
Maybe eventually they can just make the Silver Line buses completely electrical; batteries propel them above ground, the third rail propels them and recharges them underground, perhaps with hybrid-diesel supplemental power.
A city with good public and private transit will see continuous growth. A city that does not invest in it, maintain it, or fix it will suffocate itself.
Thats not to say you should write blank checks or do impossible feats of engineering, but if you want to live somewhere that has a bright future rather than one that remains stagnant, you don't want to see your transit systems fall behind.
Ah yes. Immortalizing those who appropriated other people's money with absolutely no regard for the inevitable cost overruns and mass-transit-crippling debt-- aka "bringing home the bacon". How commendable! No wonder why everyone hates Congress but loves their representative.
Prior to the Big Dig, Massachusetts had funded all of its interstate highways entirely with its own money while still sending it's share of gas tax money to the Feds. The CA/T project wasn't so much appropriating other people's money as much as getting back what it donate to other states to build their highways.
mass-transit-crippling debt
This is a valid point, but something needed to be done about the elevated artery and tearing it down and replacing it with light rail/commuter rail isn't a practical solution - if nothing else, Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode Island would have been up in arms. If anything, blame the car-focused planning of the 1940s and 1950s for creating the mess in the first place.
This is a project that has and will continue to provided many tangible, measurable benefits to millions of people for decades.
I mean Alaska is in a harsh environment. Why should I fund their infrastructure projects? But I gladly do so knowing the rewards are greater - having a strong and prosperous union.
That's the point. Of course there's always the issues of cost overruns, corruption, etc.
http://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=11/52.1307/5.1605
My experience of the trains was that it would be very reasonable to live in Hilversum and work in Utrecht.
Car free shopping districts and streets are common worldwide. Even the US has them. Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House is open only to foot traffic and bikes. The only cars in there are emergency vehicles. Charlottesville, Virginia has a pedestrian mall.
>Europe generally doesn't have the sprawling suburbia of the eastern United States that would require massive ring-roads to handle traffic that isn't feasible to serve via mass transit
The sprawling suburbia of the US comes from poor land use policies that do things like require single family housing. This is true even in cities which are famous for not having zoning, like Houston.
Before we engaged in the Great Suburban Experiment the US was one of the world leaders in public transit. LA had one of the largest public transit systems in the entire world.
Loosening certain land use controls would slowly repair this problem amongst many others.
Lately these laws have attracted a lot of attention in the press, with economists from Paul Krugman on down commenting on land use controls, mostly negatively.
Cities are slowly reforming these laws, or attempting to reform these laws, and I suspect that the America of the future will be much more walkable nationally than today's America. Even LA's leadership has realized that the car doesn't scale.
To me Suburbia = Center City destroying, inconvenient, isolating and depressing and is maybe the reason why drug use is so rampant in these areas. http://articles.philly.com/2007-02-08/news/25238943_1_drug-o...
Then my wife and I decided to have kids and so when our lease was up on our apartment, we took the plunge and bought a house in the 'burbs. We had two kids and I adjusted to living on the edge of the city. The unthinkable happened - I love it in the suburbs. I don't think I could live in an apartment again.
The Metro has faced years of neglect, but it is still a functional system that moves hundreds of thousands of people daily. Despite all of the investment in roads, traffic is still a terrible mess from Gainesville and Fredericksburg to the District line.
> They've had fatal accidents, and they're ridiculously slow because they single-track the trains so much.
In the same year the DC Metro killed one person, 26 people died on DC's roads. Virginia and Maryland have their own traffic fatality reports.
The single tracking is mostly a weekend issue. It's terrible, and makes the system useless on weekends half the time, but the commute is generally good. They have a railcar shortage that is currently hurting reliability partly caused by the Japanase tsunami delaying new equipment, but once that's solved the numbers will increase once again. Weekends will remain terrible until someone competent takes the reigns.
For starters, it is highly unlikely the urban planning mistakes of the 60s where downtowns were flattened with freeways will be repeated. We're already seeing cities tear down or bury existing freeways to correct these mistakes. Cities from LA to Atlanta are investing in mass transit and are working on getting more walkable and dense.
I predict that self driving cars will actually be a big boon for cities themselves as it would now be easier for city dwellers to visit transit inaccessible destinations or shopping trips that require a car. Zipcar, Car2Go, Enterprise's car rental club and the like are already bridging the gap, but self driving cars would help those who can't drive such as children or the elderly or even those who never learned to drive.
Buses though, are mostly failures. If you look at the numbers for buses, you see they are traveling empty far too often. I think it makes more sense for public transit to operate on a fleet of smaller vans. You go to a stop, hail a ride, and a shared ride pulls up and takes you to your destination, making stops along the way. I think fixed routes running even when there are no passengers is ripe for an upgrade.
Major causes of congestion could be almost entirely eliminated (breakdowns and accidents)
Vehicles could be routed more efficiently, and dynamic road tolls used to keep traffic flowing on popular routes.
On-street parking could be eliminated, as fewer people will own their own cars, or their cars will be able to park themselves elsewhere.
Meanwhile the absence of human drivers (and exhaust emissions, once we move to all-electric vehicles) will see a step-change in the take-up of cycling and walking in urban centres.
This is just scraping the surface. Self-driving cars are going to change everything.
In your view, shared by many technocrats, is that the SDC solves the negative problems of cars now: time now spent driving in an SDC can be spent reading, working, having breakfast, ... there's also the reasonable assumption that future cars will be electric, so the negative environmental effects of suburbs will be reduced. And SDCs will use the road more efficiently, reducing congestion, be safer, etc.. etc.. The way people lead their lives is more or less the same, but the SDC makes it better.
Many urbanists hold - paradoxically - the opposite view. The SDC will kill the suburb. They assume that the SDC will operate on a rental model. SDC's will basically be taxis. The reasoning is, that when people no longer own a car, they have no need for a garage. So why live somewhere that is completely designed for cars? Parking minimums will no longer be required and safer (and slower) SV traffic will make being out&about on a bike or two feet much more pleasant. The quality of city living, in other words, will hugely improve because we don't need to dedicate so much effort/time/money in storing and maintaining a car. Cities can be scaled around humans again, and not around cars sitting idle for 90% of the time. The role that suburbs serve - a place that's convenient to own a car - will no longer be necessary. Plus, the SDC does not really solve the major problem of the suburb; the long term financial commitment (public&private) to maintain the infrastructure required to support sprawl.
Both are positive predictions, so win-win?
The outcome will probably be somewhere in between, but IMO the SDC won't save the suburb. The popularity of the suburbs is particular to certain historical factors that likely will not repeat; (1) urban renewal and the willful destruction of downtowns to accommodate cars, (2) school flight of young families. For (1), only the old guard in fly-over country still thinks more infrastructure is better. They're almost dead. And (2) has been played out. City schools can only improve, and suburban schools will lose their competitive advantage once the affluent start moving back closer to downtown.
I also expect the real effect of the SDC will not be felt in the trendy coastal cities where urbanity was preserved. It will happen in all the mid-size metros where the core has emptied out and ended up basically 95% strip mall. For example, drive-till-you-qualify is hilariously irrelevant in many US metros. A lot of opportunity for an inversion of the dynamics.
In my experience, people in the suburbs own cars because they have to in order to live in the suburbs. They don't move to the suburbs because they own cars, and want somewhere to store them.
The traditional appeal of the suburb (or the 'countryside') will endure. More space, lower crime rates, fewer neighbors, more privacy, better schools, a stronger sense of community, etc.
If anything, the self-driving car will make the suburbs more attractive, as fewer cars will litter the place, paved-over front gardens can be returned to nature, etc.
Unless you can live in one of the rich suburbs, there's very little "countryside" in the suburbs I know. Traffic yes, noise yes, plus houses are generally not even that far away from each other so all there isn't much privacy. If anything, you're on display more than anything. You arrive at home, and everybody has heard it, and seen it.
But certainly, you might be right. Suppose telecommuting and flex time gets adopted more, absolutely, it's possible the SDC saves the suburb. But the car has ruined city life for more reasons than just creating crappy commutes. The appeal of the suburbs is precisely because city streets being are so wretched due to being giving over to the car. Hence the appeal of a quiet cul-de-sac. Once the city is no longer lined by sewers for high-speed noisy, stinky, dangerous cars, the appeal of the city increases, and the appeal for the suburb correspondingly decreases, that's my bet (and many others' whose view I only parrot here, basically any new urbanist, traditionalist, most under 40 planners)
I would say that Cities have 100 times more community. I grew up in the Burbs and my friends live there now. I ask them who their neighbors are and they all say I don't know and I don't care.
I'm in a suburb that is pretty stable - people moving in or out is pretty rare. Because I've lived beside the same people for so long, I know them well (I have keys to 5 houses on my street). We have a couple of block parties every year. Families take vacations together. There's community softball, basketball, soccer, tennis, golf, swimming, and running groups or leagues. Any given day of the week my kids might be eating at a friends house or we might have extra kids at our house. If somebody finds out that you play an instrument, you will start getting invitations to meet up and play. There's an organized bike ride every Sunday where people meet and ride to a cafe or diner for brunch. If I leave my garage door open when I'm working on my motorcycle, it's pretty common to get a person or two to wander in and end up helping or just hanging out.
I have also lived in neighborhoods with none of that. When I lived in the city, I was young (20's) and I lived around a lot of people my age and I loved it as well. Lots of stuff to do and lots of people to do it with. Back then I would have not fit in the suburb I live in now just like today, I think I'm happier being where I am now.
I think either situation can be good or bad.
I don't really see a big tension between city and suburb dwellers. I think they mostly just look for different things in their lives. At least for me, I live in the suburbs because I enjoy it more, not because there's any big problem with the city. I like having a big garden, I like having a couple of chickens, I like space between me an my neighbors (even though I get along great with them), and I like living close to work. A few years ago, we built an outdoor kitchen and there's pretty much nothing I enjoy more than sitting back there at the start and end of my day. This year my wife is building me a workshop behind our house that I'm excited about.
If I lived in the city, my life would be different, not necessarily worse.
Many of which are of course only in the suburbs in the first place because of these problems. This may sound harsh, but you are somewhat part of the problem here.
I agree though that parking downtown should be expensive (or at least reflect the actual cost of providing it). You have to be careful about unintended consequences though. I can imagine a future where parking is so expensive that shoppers just tell their car to circle the block while they shop.
FWIW, on a day-to-day basis, I don't travel all that far from my house. We picked our current neighborhood because of the public school system here and because it's where my office is (I ride my bike to work as often as possible).
After getting used to low-density living, I really don't think I could handle moving back to the city center again. If my office moved downtown, I would either work remotely or change jobs.
If it's worth it to provide parking for shoppers, businesses will build it on their own if no street parking exists (since otherwise they can freeride on the city's dime).
Japan, for instance, pretty much doesn't have street parking from what I recall from living there and thus private lots cover all parking needs. In expensive areas, parking will be expensive or nonexistent (since it is likely dense and the need for parking is small) and in cheap areas it will be cheap or free.
Also, many city dwellers do not drive or drive rarely, so to them free parking is mostly wasted space and potentially even actively harmful to their interests. Manhattanites would likely rather have wider sidewalks than street parking since the sidewalks are so crowded, but no one asked them. We even made the sidewalks smaller than they originally were to move more cars, despite walking moving vastly more people on Manhattan streets. We reduced the capacity of moving people to move more cars, something that directly harms city residents in various ways.
>I agree though that parking downtown should be expensive (or at least reflect the actual cost of providing it). You have to be careful about unintended consequences though.
The pricing mechanism acts as a way to ration parking spaces, and if the cost is too low all the spots will be taken. If it's too high, no one will use it since it's too expensive. You don't want to price at cost. You want there to always be a couple spaces open. If you run out of parking, people will circle the block.
The best on street parking system would be a dynamic system that takes into account demand so prices vary throughout the day or the week. This way some spots can always be open and the current 'circle the block' problem goes away. It would also take into account special events and holidays. Many cities don't do that and only charge some extremely small parking fee.
>I can imagine a future where parking is so expensive that shoppers just tell their car to circle the block while they shop.
Some cities, such as London and Singapore, have congestion pricing. This is to make drivers pay for the externality of congestion, something that gas taxes and the like don't currently pay for. With congestion pricing, circling the block could also be costly.
it still does, it's just mainly used by non-affluent (not just poor) people so nobody hears about it. the bus and rail system dwarf that of most major cities. the plan through 2030 is extremely ambitious and is half done already. there will be light rail from downtown to the ocean this year (already running halfway there), and the wilshire subway has already broken ground.
i commuted from hollywood to pasadena every day for a year on it, and that was 10 years ago. when the expo/ocean line opens i will take it frequently to go downtown. i've taken the bus many times before, it acts like a train. hop on, hop off on major thoroughfares.
http://thesource.metro.net/2013/06/13/new-under-construction...
Everyone local commented that it's been built in the stupidest possible way: it runs across major streets, many crossings don't have gates or other safety measures, etc., and they're all saying that it's just a matter of time before the fatal accidents start happening.
So I can certainly believe that putting a rail line in anywhere -- regardless of what you think of the residents -- without installing basic safety stuff like gates and signals at street crossings is kinda bad.
i don't know, i guess we'll see.
Im a citizen of Utrecht(living in Lombok area). Lombok is on the west of utrecht and big parts of this side of the city are ugly as hell. Lots of concrete. Lot's of ugly buildings which should not have been there. The other side of Utrecht is actually beautiful (although lombok sure is nice as well nowadays!). It still annoys me the first thing you see when entering the city area is all this uglyness. Can't wait until this huge project is finished somewhere in 2020. (The project is called CU2030, but it is a marketing term, which means something like: CU Too in 030. WTF)
The current project restores water but also removed some ugly buildings. They also rebuild the central train station, which is much better now. I hope we still like (most) of the new architecture after 30 years (or will history repeat?).
I always found it ugly indeed (the whole district around actually) and not welcoming at all. Now I come back there once or twice a year and I can't wait that they are finished with the work to see how it will look like :)
The biggest win is the second tunnel to the airport and the extra space.
Boston/Mass has a history of failing and/or giving up on infrastructure (2020 olympics/ North South Rail link, Cape wind, Hollywood East Studios) and taking their time on others (finally new garden, convention center). So while its impressive the big dig got built, this city needs public transit so bad and even the small expansion of the green line (old trolleys) into somerville has been so delayed and mismanaged (no bid contracts!) its in danger of being canceled.
I think part of the problem is regional transportation expansions here can be canceled by very local authorities (see red line expansion into arlington)
I think givernments need to realize people are its natural resource and making them want to stay is important. Commuting here is not great. MS/Facebook/Napster all started in Massachusetts, but went west to become viable.
A freeway lane carries around 2400 passengers/hour, a light rail line can carry around 20,000 passengers/hour. Heavy or commuter rail can carry around 40,000 passengers/hour.
One major difference would be that the Perimetral was demolished before finishing the tunnel. We'll see how well it works when it's opened this year.
Genuinely curious if it is ever proposed for the 101 corridor that goes through the city.
For those who don't know, the 101 "freeway", which is the main artery north/south through the city, turns into a neighborhood street for several miles (and for several other miles (van ness) goes through a busy city center).
If you are north of the golden gate bridge and you need to go to SFO, you will drive through single family, residential neighborhoods, stopping at stop signs and traffic lights. That's the route.
But there's no other route, so the only solution would be a tunnel, as far as I can tell.
Is this ever proposed ? Does anyone else want this ? Basically Presidio to SFSU, I think ...
And a rail lane has 50 times the passenger capacity of a private motor vehicle lane.
So if the problem is linking people to sfo, rail is much cheaper.
You need to get the link to rail at both ends right. Maybe you need baggage check and parking available in Marin county where you get on the train.
Does that exist anywhere ? Genuinely curious ... is there anywhere where you can check luggage at the train embark 20-30 miles prior to the airport ?
Park and ride is something I already do while traveling solo[1], but three kids, strollers, skis, whatever ... there's no way we're packing, unpacking, and packing again to do a park and ride ... we just need to drive to the airport.
Travelers who rented cars at SFO are in the same position. Like it or not, no matter how smartly we Jane Jacobs up the place, people are gonna need to drive to the airport.
[1] Marin Airporter
is there anywhere where you can check luggage at the
train embark 20-30 miles prior to the airport ?
You can do that with the CAT[1] in Vienna, IIRC.Here's an example:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport_...
Here's another one:
http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/transport/to-from-airport...
It sounds crazy, but much easier than digging through the city (and going above ground is a non-starter).
BART did this at reasonable cost (less than $2b in today's dollars) from SF to OAK in just four years with the Transbay tube. So it's very doable and would solve massive traffic issues in SF.
Well, really anything would be better than stopped at a stoplight in front of some dudes yard on 19th ave....
Pretty sure a while back there was an extension project that just got canned - don't remember the reason, but if you look at the satellite view it looks like both 280 and 101 were interrupted in the middle of construction.
As another poster mentioned, completing the 280-80/101 link in SOMA also has a high payoff. They're separated by less than three blocks - even a single lane tunnel in each direction would take a big load off SOMA streets. (Instead the current mayor wants to demolish the nortnern two miles of the 280, which is insanity)
Presidio to Financial subway would be amazing.
At some point, however, people north of the GGB need to get to SFO and while I, traveling solo, would be happy to park and ride in Marin (which I already do with the Marin Airporter) if I am a traveler who rented my car at SFO or if I am traveling with an entire family, you need the ability to drive to the airport...
What you describe was almost complete in SF in the 1960s and it was stopped by mass citizen opposition. It was a complete disaster for the city and quality of life.
Then in the 1990s the remaining stubs -- except 280 -- were mostly removed so it could never happen again. The city is more beautiful and live able now than it was in those dark freeway decades.
Underground construction would be just as bad in promoting traffic nightmares but less bad in destroying street life and at American construction prices would cost as much as half a dozen Mars missions for no traffic benefit. (Around US$200 MMM probably)
Yes, no traffic benefit. When we removed the half completed system, traffic actually improved. If you wonder why, look up Braess Paradox and induced demand.
I am fully aware of that history, and it's not what I am describing at all.
I am speaking specifically of a long-haul, point A to point B tunnel. Imagine getting all of the pass-through cars (and trucks!) off of Van Ness and the GG Park <--> 19th ave. corridor...
What happens when San Francisco refuses to build transportation infrastructure (which, yes, includes both subway and freeway tunnels and bridges, just like in dozens of other grown up cities around the world) is more suburban office park and subdivision sprawl around the bay, or an outflow of resources to other metros.
It took us (San Francisco Bay Area) 10 years and 6.5B US dollars to build a 3.5km bridge... and it still has some serious problems with no solution.
The tunnelways are pretty good-- even though they seem to have breakages pretty frequently, they improve the traffic to Logan a lot.
Instead, I have options of the 91, CT-2, 86, 87 and 85 busses (yes, all of those within a block of my apartment) that take me to the Red/Orange line pretty swiftly. No "signal problems" or systemic track backups. Yea, busses can break down and they are pretty unreliable in other ways, but no worse than the subways here.
Also, the spiking real estate prices around all the "walksheds" near proposed green line stops is really hurting the area and benefiting wealthy landlords. I'd be fine with those landlords needing to chill for a few years.
Somerville is the most densely populated city in New England, the GLX is (was?) expected to carry 45k people per day before 2030. For comparison, Somerville's population is 78,804 (2013) and Cambridge's population is 107,289 (2013). Not really "shrug" to me.