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I'm not even remotely a front end guy but Elm looks so interesting. I really want to play with it

You can probably include Go alongside Rust.

Or TypeScript? Rust and Go are not much alike.

It should be noted that there are some caveats to TypeScript, namely that it's type-safety is only compile-time and not at run-time. It is best-effort type-safety.

That said, the edge cases are few and far between. TS is a fantastic language to work with.

I think the issue you're mentioning isn't so much that TS only enforces type safety at compile time, because that's true of Haskell, OCaml, C++, etc. as well, but that by its nature it can't enforce any type contracts with the large quantity of dynamically-typed JavaScript you're probably going to be dealing with. Of course, this is also an issue when safe Haskell, OCaml, etc. code interacts with compiled C code at runtime as well.