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And it continues today:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=10612382

We don't get this stuff back.

Well, what's gone is gone. Luckily, we have the technology today to ensure the survival and propagation of all of humanity's collective knowledge now. While it was a big loss, I don't think, in the long run, humanity has been set back permanently due to that event.

Genuine question: what technologies allow us to organize and store information in the event of a massive catastrophe (meteors/comet, volcanoes, etc)?

This is a myth. There were many, many other excellent libraries around the world when the Library of Alexandria was burned down. It contained few if any unique works, and even those that may have been unique wouldn't have held details of unrecoverable technology. It was a great loss from a cultural knowledge standpoint, but it's not as if the sum of human knowledge literally went up in smoke. It's more akin to what ISIS is doing right now.