Fundamentally, business is an exchange of value - your service/product for money (or something of value to you).
For some of your questions, you could go to a business workshop or take a course at your local business centre or university. There are plenty of great resources on the internet as well. Google it. And there are tons of business books that aren't focused on sales/marketing strategies. For example, the Dummies series probably have some good explanations.
However, business is a constantly changing environment and there is no right or wrong way to do things. What you learn in school/course will give you a rough idea but there are quite possibly many other ways to do things. It's up to you to figure it out on your own.
Another way to learn is to get experience by working for companies and learn from them. You'll be paid to learn while you understand what value you're delivering to your employer. There's no reason why you could eventually be contracting/consulting to your employer in the future.