Ne Obliviscaris uses physics (or at least astronomy) in much of their music, especially on their album Citadel (which includes a pair of songs about black holes, like the article).

Meanwhile, independent band Mechina is in the middle of releasing an 8-album epic sci-fi story about space travel.

I rarely pay close attention to lyrics, though, so I may be off, and I may be ignoring lots of other bands that may have them (Soen seems to at least have math influence, judging from their track titles).