OberonStation, an Oberon RISC workstation
oberonstation.x10.mx
oberonstation.x10.mx
Lilith System http://www.cfbsoftware.com/modula2/Lilith.pdf
Main project page http://www.projectoberon.com/
Old system with links and ports (HW diversity or learning) http://www.oberon.ethz.ch/archives/systemsarchive/sys_geneal...
How he compiles it https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/CompilerConstruction/...
Turning programs into circuits https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/Oberon/286.pdf
His hardware description language https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/Lola/LolaCompiler.pdf
A guy who inspired his approach & did safe languages + OS's, including bullet-proof concurrency in 80's ;) http://brinch-hansen.net/
There you go.
Oh yeah, look up Juice project. Will need to use Wayback Machine. It replaced JavaScript in browsers with Oberon so you get safety plus native speed. Sent as compressed, abstract, syntax trees so used little bandwith without losing typing info. Faded like the rest but would've been awesome compared to the JS that bogs down even a Core Duo.
http://web.archive.org/web/20000831045133/http://caesar.ics....
http://web.archive.org/web/20000610021840/http://caesar.ics....
http://www.sce.carleton.ca/netmanage/docs/AgentsOverview/ao....
Impractical really, but fun concept. You created a bot that programmatically represented your goals, limits, heuristics for analysis, and so on. It could, with 1-2 commands, pack its code & data into a file that moved to another "place." It could move to Amazon's store over slow WAN, analyse certain products for you, commit to the right one, notify you, record the receipt, pack that up, and come back with a report for you. Used interpeters with safe programming languages and sandboxes plus A.I. for some of them. Imagine how easy, efficient, and secure Juice applets would be for that, today's smart contracts, or Facebook. Now you can sigh again as you realize how much faster and safer things could be if a handful of companies merely learned from the past and made it an option.
Btw, back then, we foresaw problems coming from untrusted or runaway code on machines in these agent marketplaces. So, platforms like Telescript had interpreters that isolated execution on a per-agent (per-user) basis. The platforms set in then-small datacenters on servers that spun up interpreters on demand in response to API requests. They measured CPU, memory, storage, and network usage for billing purposes. Any of that sound familiar? Like some "new" invention we hear about on HN, etc all the time? ;)
Alternatively, I can publish my model. They can immediately move to counter the very specific things I do. Before you know it, they have a turn-key solution for compromising my devices individually or in bulk. Anyone using it is suddenly less safe. Knowing specifics will also benefit their stealth: less detection capability.
Rather not publish that at least until I've developed something better. ;)
That's why obscurity doesn't work. An attacker with many resources can reverse engineer whatever concealment you've concocted but the concealment is enough to deter other researchers who would have published their results from analyzing your system. So then the HSA knows of the attack and can take advantage of it but you don't so you can't counter it.
So, the result of such obfuscations plus strong, proven methods stops most attackers outright, helps catch some, and at least slows/limits others.
Compare that to a situation where every detail is known and TCB (esp hardware & kernel) are same for all users. Find flaw easily, compromise any. That's your model. See the NSA TAO catalog and any reporting of mass hacks to see where that led. Your method simply doesnt work and is defeated even by average attackers. Whereas mine has held off many in practice with the few failures due to over-privileged, malicious insiders. Learn from the evidence. Apply strong methods, obfuscation, diversity, and detection in combination. Or High Strength Attackers own you without breaking a sweat.
And diversity and obscurity are separate things so the diversity argument is a non-sequitur.
1. The popular one that's been battle-tested, is written in C, and uses one algorithm in a specific way.
2. My method which starts with that protocol, applies a technique for protecting C code, uses 2-3 of AES candidates, has a different initial counter value, and a port-knocking scheme. Each of these are unknown and randomized on a per user-group basis.
You have an encryption or protocol flaw. Your goal is to intercept these users' communications. You do not have an attack on their endpoints. Which of (1) or (2) is harder? Your argument already fails at this point. Let's continue, though.
You first have to figure out the portknocking scheme. That means you must identify which part of the packet headers or data are used to do it plus how its done plus attack how its done. This is already a ridiculously hard problem evidenced by the fact that nobody's ever bypassed it when I used it: always went straight for endpoints or social engineering attempts. Using a deniable strategy like SILENTKNOCK can make it provably impossible for them to even know it's in use.
Next are the ciphers. They don't know which one is in use. The non-security-critical values fed into it are randomized in such a way that they might have to try more possibilities than are in the universe just to start the attack. A weakness in any one algorithm won't help them. Unlike most SW people, I also address covert channels: no leaks to help them. What are odds your attack will work on my users?
Next is the protocol engine. This is where they have a solid chance of screwing me up because mainstream loves dangerous languages, OS's, and ISA's. However, there are dozens of ways to obfuscate/immunize C code against most likely attacks and safe system languages I can reimplement it in while checking assembler. Further, if I make it static & a FSM, I can use tools like Astree for C or SPARK Ada to prove it free of errors. Without the binary and w/ limited online attacks, these guys would have to be geniuses to find an attack on it. After they beat the port-knocking scheme that was designed similarly...
The use of provably strong mechanisms in layers is in NSA's own evaluation criteria as the kind of thing that stops nation-states. And stopped NSA's own red teams in the past during A1/EAL6/EAL7 evaluations. They depend on it for most critical stuff. Applying sound principles plus things easy for defender but exponentially harder for attacker makes a fence so high even nation-states have trouble jumping over it. They're forced to do one of several things: use very best attacks that might be lost during a detection; get physical, increasing odds of detection; ignore you to attack someone else for reasons of cost-effectiveness and keeping their best stuff stealthy. They usually do the latter that I see, even NSA per Snowden leaks.
Of course, I'm sure you and others on your side will continue handing them your source, protocols, exact configurations, and so on to enable them to smash it. I'm sure you'll use the reference implementation without any changes so one attack affects you along with hundreds of thousands to millions.
However, anyone that wants enemies to work for their system should take my approach as it provably increases their difficulty so much that almost all of them will leave you alone or try other attack vectors. This strategy should be applied from ISA to OS to client & server software. And if you have holistic security, you'll prevent or eventually detect most of their other attacks, too. Worst case, one or two of the elite groups get in while you're still safe from the others (esp most damaging). Still better than the "give it all to all of them" approach to security you're endorsing.
The most common (and quite valid) critique of secret custom protocols is that each change you've made from the well-tested common version is an opportunity for you to have made an exploitable mistake. In the event the attacker does learn the custom protocol that is clearly a liability. But claiming the protocol itself as a secret is worse than that. If one client using a secret password is compromised then you have to change the password, but if one client using a secret protocol is compromised then you have to change the protocol.
Even if no client is ever compromised, the general form of your argument is X + Y > X. So TLS + secret alterations is more secure than TLS. But it's a false dichotomy. A secret protocol is an unnecessary liability over other, better security mechanisms. TLS + independent Secure Remote Password is more secure than TLS + secret alterations. And the list of sensible things you can layer together is long: If you're sufficiently paranoid you can use TLS over ssh over IPSec etc. etc. The point at which you run out of good published security layers is so far past the point or practicality that there is no reason to ever suffer the liabilities of protocol secrecy.
You're getting close to understanding but still not there. Obfuscation is the use of secrecy in code, protocol, configuration, etc to increase knowledge or access required for an attack. What you wrote is partly there but some secrets (eg memory-safety scheme) require more than disclosure to break. Also, what I've always called Security via Diversity claims that everyone relying on a few protocols or implementations means each attack on them automatically can hit huge numbers of users. Therefore, each should be using something different in a way to cause further work or reduce odds of sharing a vulnerability. The difference can be open or obfuscated.
"All the rest is a list of non-sequiturs"
Then followed followed with claims showing that this makes mass attacks nearly impossible with targeted attacks extremely difficult and with a custom attack required per target. Even getting started on an attack practically requires they've already succeeded in others. You dismiss this as a non-sequitur, which makes no sense. I've substantiated in very specific detail how my method provides great protection vs totally-open, vanilla, standardized-for-all methods. To avoid mere security by obscurity, my methods still utilize and compose the best of openly-vetted methods following their authors' guidelines to avoid loss of security properties.
I also noted this has worked in practice per our monitoring with our systems merely crashing or raising exceptions due to significant vulnerabilities that simply didn't work. Success via obfsucation + proven methods was reported by many others including famed Grimes [1] who opposes "security by obscurity" in most writings. Despite arguing against me for decade plus, computer science has started coming around to the idea with many techs published with DARPA funding, etc under the banner "moving target" that try to make each system different with some having mathematical arguments about security they provide. Most are obfuscations at compiler, protocol, or processor level. (Sound familiar?) That field was largely result of people doing what your side said resulting in attackers with hundreds to thousands of 0-days defeating such software with ease with fire-and-forget, kit-based attacks.
So, the evidence is on my side. In practice, obfuscating other otherwise proven tech in good configurations greatly benefits security even against pro's. I gave clear arguments & examples that it makes attackers' job more difficult, requires they have inside access, and forces customized attacks instead of mass fire-and-forget kits. On other hand, your counter shows little understanding of what the field has accomplished on defensive side or the economics of malware development on their side. Plus, equates all obfuscation with custom work by the least competent on hardest parts of software. You've only supported keeping amateurs out of obfuscation decisions unless following cookbooks for easy things that are hard to screw up (eg Grimes-style obfuscations). Additionally, you follow up with a ludicrous idea that people unable to use some installers/scripts (all my approach requires) can safely compose and configure arbitrary, complex protocols that such people regularly get wrong in single-protocol deployments. What lol...
So, I guess this thread has to be over until you refute the specific claims that have held up in both theory and practice when done by pro's. Further, you might want to test your theory by switching to Windows, OpenSSL, Firefox, etc because these have had most review and "pen-tests" by malware authors. Plus, publish all your config and I.P. information online in security and black hat forums for "many eyes" checks. Should make you extra safe if your theory is correct. Mine would imply using a Linux/BDS desktop w/ strong sandboxing, non-Intel where possible, LibreSSL, and automatic transformation of client programs for memory/pointer safety. Been fine, even in pentests by Linux/BSD specialists. Windows, OpenSSL, Firefox, etc? No so much...
Good luck with your approach of open, widely attacked software in standard configuraiton that you publish online. You're going to need it. :)
[1] https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.obscuri...
And to that extent it isn't actually a secret. If the secrecy is providing you with anything then it comes at the expense of having a unique design but is lost by a compromise of any device. That isn't cost effective.
Your Microsoft link has an excellent exemplification of the flaw in thinking that leads to the erroneous conclusion that obfuscation is productive:
> Renaming the Administrator account can only improve security. It certainly can't hurt it.
The trouble is that it can. Renaming the Administrator account not only breaks poorly written malware, it also breaks poorly written legitimate software. Then the system administrator has to spend time and resources fixing a manufactured problem that could have been spent on other measures that achieve a better security improvement.
And you keep talking about things like diversity and sandboxing as if you can't use these things without hiding their design, but you can. Obfuscation of design is essentially useless because it has similar costs but a worse failure mode than other ways to improve security -- including the ones you keep talking about. Or layering independent systems.
You claim this layering is "ludicrous" but can you name a single major company that doesn't separately use all of those things already? Layering, for example, IPSec and TLS is the same work as configuring them separately. Being independent from each other so that a vulnerability or misconfiguration of one doesn't defeat the other is the idea.
Every security measure comes at a cost. You may need to configure more things etc. Which is why wasting resources on high-cost low-benefit measures like protocol secrecy harms actual security.
No they don't have my methodology: I never put it into digital form. Use paper is rule No 1 in high security. The only people I talked go were ideological who I vetted. It's mostly in my head and on paper hidden well in areas with tamper-evidence. They're watching my comms but no black bag jobs. So the method is safe for now.
And what are you going to do with it? All of us high security engineers who arent in defense, sell-outs, etc are typically ignored by mainstream INFOSEC. People don't do shit even when we have evidence. People do less than that on open HW even with cheap FPGA's. You really think one of us is gonna burn our own security just to publish an obfuscation people won't use or give us anything for? Like hell...
You want write-ups and design details on high security I got plenty of that. Keep master copies on Schneier's blog. Will send them. Not giving away something this big that you cant even afford to use. Not till I have a replacement...
Here's an example of one from one of father's of INFOSEC that handed NSA's ass to them in 2 years of pentesting:
http://www.iwia.org/2005/Schell2005.PDF
The original was based on custom hardware and firmware because Schell etc had good foresight. :) It was put on Intel because DOD and commercial sector wanted commodity products. So, probably issues at those layers that could breach security. Nonetheless, the kernel was what was designed with high assurance and will illustrate nicely what comes out of that. Note that this was the 1980's when it was designed. Still more secure, easier to review, and easier to extend than most modern software...
So, I'd have to supply customers the source to meet your requirement. I could also show them how to protect it. However, thanks to design approach, a high assurance proprietary system is easier to work with than a low assurance FOSS system. It's because the process absolutely forces that design to be a simple, modular, layered, and correct as possible. I wrote up some links on how that's done here in context of subversion and hardware:
People keep saying that, but nobody proposes we all reveal our passwords. Obviously SOME obscurity is beneficial...
I'll go further to say it's a pre-requisite against nation-states as knowing design/implementation is first step to compromise. And they usually do.
If the design or implementation is fixed in stone, then keeping it secret can only help, certainly. Most aren't, though, especially while they're still being developed. At that stage, if you can get smart people interested in helping, then openness will help far more than it hurts because you're far more likely to discover problems before the bad guys do.
Far as help or review, there's a false dilemma that goes around between something being so open I put it in a Hacker's News comment and totally closed. In reality, there's many things between with the review being more important than openness. I tried to address it in this write-up:
https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2014/05/friday_squid_...
Goal was to get people to consider proprietary, open-source models more to ensure steady flow of cash to maintain/audit security-critical software. Dual-licensing at the least. Might prevent another OpenSSL debacle.
Far as actively developed, that's a good point. The trick there is to make sure you have guidelines for how to use the security-critical functionality and stick to them. The common stuff that's prone to error is done in a way that defaults to security. An example is how Ada or Rust approach memory/concurrency safety vs C. Not a guarantee by itself but raises bar considerably. The parts that are obfuscated have little risk on the security-critical aspects and are more about changing likelihood that shellcode will do its job. There's even methods in academia to do this automatically at compiler level.
So, this is what I'm saying. You should definitely have pro's in-house or (if possible) externally to review the design for flaws. Just do Correct by Construction, make design as boring as possible, and obfuscate the hell out of any aspect you can without introducing risk.
An example from my work when I did high security consulting was to put guards in front of any networked service. The guard blocked attacks like DMA, TCP/IP, whatever. The messages they passed along were simple, easy to parse, and landed directly in the application. The application itself had automatic checking of buffers, etc. My biggest trick, though, was to use the guard to fake a certain platform/ISA (Windows/Linux on x86) while app actually ran on different OS and ISA (eg POWER/SPARC/Alpha/MIPS). They'd hit it constantly with stuff too clever for me to even want to waste time understanding. Never executed because they couldn't see what they needed to see. And all the good security hardening, patches, monitoring, and whatnot. Strong security practices + effective obfuscation = TLA's remote attacks stood no chance. :)
My method combines vetted mechanisms with ways that adhere to their guidelines for secure usage, is directed by tools designed by security pro's, largely invisible to users, require a hack on system to find, and force custom, difficult attacks. One can mathematically prove that my strategies possess the traits I claim along with immunity from some issues and vastly improved probabilistic security against most others. So, all the evidence is on our side in theory and the field results where compromise is rare for us even in face of pro's whose bonuses require it.
Feel free to refute this by showing me how everyone using two browsers, OpenSSL, or a desktop OS (Windows) with no changes on the same platform kept them safe from major attacks. Or led to such a high failure rate for attackers that hacks were actually worth of news rather than scaremongering. My people were safe with my methods: some systems crashed or raised exceptions while many had no problems. I'm guessing you standardize-and-open types had the same experiences? No? :P
So, let me break it down again in concrete, proven terms suppored by decades of INFOSEC research and field work. History shows any complex system has vulnerabilities. To attack, the attacker must know the system, the vulnerability, how to exploit it, and the specific configuration. If defence in depth, then the attacker must know that for the whole route to them. So, you either have to make those have no vulnerabilities (good luck) or you have to implement measures to prevent their exploitation. That requires changing one or more of the pre-conditions of a successful attack. So, measures that eliminate vulnerabilities by design (eg Correct-by-Construction), prevent their exploitation with obfuscation/transformations, or deny enemy knowledge of their existence all provably increase security. I combine all of these in anything I do with strongest, most-analysed versions of each that are available. Positive field results followed while others get smashed repeatedly.
Note: This is especially true if the operational requirement in question, like protecting whole HW lifecycle, is in its infancy in INFOSEC techniques and has little to go on. Then, obfuscation, applying strong stuff where possible, R.E. samples (eg ChipWorks), and layers of detection/audit are best thing you can do. It's what we're doing now. You're side would suggest mask/fab/packaging companies should publish all source code and security methods online for attackers to study. Given what happened to desktops and servers, I'm glad they're listening to me instead of you. ;)
High assurance software design - nice intro http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~hook/cs491sp08/AssuranceSp08.ppt
FOSS tools for high assurance http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/high-assurance-floss.html
Certified compilation (HW w/ need certified "synthesis") http://compcert.inria.fr/
Original work on subversion http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/history/myer80.pdf
Example of it in action http://www.cisr.us/downloads/theses/02thesis_anderson.pdf
Example of high assurance hardware (AAMP7G version is secure but no public paper...) http://www.csl.sri.com/papers/wift95/wift95.pdf
Far as getting OSS flows lower, I've been collecting methods for doing that. Physical [re-]synthesis is the next step for 130nm and 90nm. A few other tricks they use. I've collected a few papers on methods of doing as many as possible so academics can reimplement them for Yosys, Odin, ABC, etc in the future. It's critical that we get open flows for 90nm. We can do 180nm first as it's still highly useful, esp for custom. However, 90nm is better for standard cell and flash memory.
My mindset is that we can combine proprietary tools and open tools in a hybrid approach. Let the proprietary tools catch all the errors, guide re-synthesis, etc. So long as they can be made to produce a series of traces for synthesis and test vectors that open-source tools can check. One or more EDA vendors might go for this as it keeps their secrets secret and profits high while letting us do much easier work that OSS tools are already close to handling. I mean, we still strive for open EDA in long term but use this for interim. What you think?
> Early versions of the qflow digital flow were used to create digital circuits used in high-performance commercial integrated circuits. It's real, and it works!
So, likely, the OSU cell library was really used for commercial fabrication ( http://vlsiarch.ecen.okstate.edu/flow/# ).
I think you're right, OSS can coexist with the proprietary cell libraries and P&R tools. I am (optimistically) expecting that in the near future we'll witness a revolution in vlsi similar to what happened to the PCB fabrication - with the fabs becoming accessible to small companies and even hobbyists. And this should kick start an improvement in both the OSS tools ecosystem and the current closed, secretive world of Cadence, Synopsys and alike.
re the revolution
Oh, then I'm sure Mentor Graphics' latest move might surprise and excite you:
It is unique in its ability to boot Oberon in 1 second, straight out of the box.
A quick googling found this: https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2015/008083.html
But I don't really understand the explanation. Does DRAM need software support? Would performance just be unacceptable?
The issue is that you then need to interface this to the CPU, modern DRAMs like to transfer bursts of several words and you need somewhere to put this. The obvious target is to one line in a cache but as the linked email states a cache controller for the Oberon RISC would be more complicated than the designers wanted for the project.
Or (on the software side) is its purpose to understand how compilers work?
It is commonly said that Plan 9 from Bell Labs is more UNIX than UNIX. This idea of sliding the view along an infinite plane, in turn, seems to me even more UNIX than anything I've seen or heard of. Not having used -- and in fact only having heard of in passing -- Oberon before, I can't comment on how Unixy the remainder of the system is, but none-the-less, this right here seems to capture the essense of UNIX. In all the times I have been impressed by well composed presentations, never have I questioned the need for "tricks" like screenshots and videos to get a coherrent presentation of interactive tasks or information from software external to whatever tool was being used to run the presentation.
I imagine that you could get lost quite easily in an infinite plane, so you'd need to be able to zoom out to find your windows but if you have too many windows opened then you have to zoom out so much than it's becoming hard to see which windows is what..
Workspaces seems a better way to organize your windows (even though it can also be difficult to find the workspace which contain the window you want).
At 1:1, imagine a regular view.
Below some threshold effective resolution, imagine condensed information. Instead of miniature, unreadable windows, one might display a simplified view, say a Metro-style color coded box with -- relative to box size -- a big icon and document title.
Below yet another threshold, condense more, using conventional icons instead of Metro.
At lowest zoom level, display a one-dimensional list of everything. Searchable of course.
Realistically, though, this is likely to fall by the wayside, since I only have so many hours a day coding, and enough of it is spent at work.
Another approach is to blackbox USB and HDMI, and consider them outside the project, much like the VGA monitor or whatever is in the keyboard to send PS/2 signals. You can connect to spare IOs on the FPGA board with 'blackbox' hardware, as long as protocols are simple and open.
I downloaded as much of the source of Bluebottle as I can. I'm glad the OP gave me the link to the modern one. I'll get it too. Think I might try to retarget it in one of the safer languages, secure hardware (eg Cambrige CHERI processor), or certified compilers. Oberon is the kind of thing a one-man project can make progress on. On other side, I think I recently saw another team quit after little progress on rewriting NetBSD in something safer. ;)
There are hundreds of FPGA boards that do not meet the requirements of Project Oberon, in addition to the board you mention.
https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu
Exited to see people keep working on stuff like this.
As I see it, the ARM instruction sets (note the use of plural) are a moving target (look at Cortex chips with Thumb2 only). They are far from RISC if you count them, and the instruction encoding is horrendulous.
It's like saying "why not target Windows? I doubt that's going anywhere soon"
With FPGAs, your only risk is that the manufacturer discontinues the chip you targeted, and you can then target another brand with the same (or nearly the same) HDL code.
Need the I/O stuff, etc to be implemented for the node, too, though...
ARM has been around at this point for 30 years, and yes, there are incompatibilities from one to the next. But it'll probably be around in some form for another 30 years.
And, yes, your Windows binaries will probably still be runnable ten years from now, and your Linux binaries probably won't be.
I have heard many people talk about the NS32k in positive overall terms, I've researched it a few times, it looks like a nice CISC architecture, but not different/better enough than the 68k at the time.
I do recall the team under Jack Tramiel at Atari looked into the NS32k for their new 16/32-bit system, and even built a prototype, and then tossed it in favour of 68k because of purported bugs in the NS32k.
However, my usual recommendation is SPARC given its ecosystem, openness, and mere $99 registration free. RISC-V, esp Rocket processor, will hopefully take its place. A custom, tiny RISC chip on a FPGA? Ok, ok, Wirth... that is more practical... (sighs) Lol...
What I would like to see instead would be RISC-V instead of their own ISA. At least there some learnings could be shared with other academics and tinkerers.
Note: Areas like embedded in general with smaller, custom jobs don't worry about ISA's as much. Plenty of ARM, MIPS, PPC, x86, SPARC, Super-H, 16bits, 8bits... you name it. Much more fun space to be a programmer if you get to pick the cpu/board. :)
So, I do not see any reason for the Oberon machine to rely on any "standard" ISA. It can even be compiled into some kind of a NISC, and nobody would notice any difference.
Now, if we're talking GPU's, the effective ISA would be DirectX, OpenGL, OpenCL, etc. They're the standards that software and tooling target. So, does you product get by with not supporting any of those? Or do you have to comply with the your niche's standard interfaces and ecosystems, too?
Wirth decided it would be better to make a simple, custom processor that follows the spirit of the system. That by itself would be a fun project. He could put it on any current and future FPGA, something very unlikely to disappear. He then ported Oberon to it. Now, it's future-proof.
Oberon-related tech is also training for ETH students. They get plenty of experience trying to extend the OS, port the compilers, etc. They have little in hardware by comparison, though. FPGA's have gotten cheap and their nature means they'll stay around in some form forever. Verilog also goes back decades. So, there's the added benefit of teaching students to build a processor which could also run the system.
So, combining future-proofing, simplicity, OS education, and HW education requirements all into one meant a custom, Wirth-style processor on FPGA was best option. It also creates opportunities for things like TCP/IP, graphics, or security engines he probably didn't think about at the time. His students or FOSS volunteers might pick that up given how simple the HW is.
So, ARM is a bad idea. Those SOC's are too complex. Extending or re-implementing it needs a ridiculously-expensive license. They also sue people over even using the ISA, which makes me boycott them where possible. The FPGA doesn't have these problems plus allowed he and his students to attempt an ideal replacement that could last decades. So, that was his choice and one of the better options.
Note: I'd have used it as an excuse to get some grant money to do a full, low-cost, RISC-V implementation to put A2 Bluebottle on. More practical. That's just me, though. ;)
I assume the motivation for FPGA is the original Oberon idea: "its primary goal was to design and implement an entire system from scratch, and to structure it in such a way that it can be described, explained, and understood as a whole." (The original 1985 Oberon system was also running on custom FPGA hardware.)
Real "Full-stack" development. :)