I doubt deanonymizing per-comment up/down-votes will have the effect you intend; rather seeing names when 'stung' by a downvote will only lead to more negative feelings.
My hunch is that there are people who disagree, and have enough energy to express that via one click, but not enough energy to compose a reply. It's not incontrovertibly clear that the down-arrow isn't for disagreement -- "it's a vote, and I'm supposed to vote my opinion, right?" -- so it's an attractive nuisance, and some percentage of users will use it for lazy-disagreement as long as it's there.
I think the most effective remedy would be to provide another equally-easy one-click-disagree -- separate from karma-downvote -- that doesn't imply a community demotion/sanction. (I don't care if a thousand people disagree with me, but if one suggests I've transgressed the bounds of good behavior, I'm motivated to reply.)