Gears were already used in India as early as 2600 BC, Aristotle described gears in his lifetime - about 400 BC, and Archimedes' worm wheel dates from about 200 BC. In 40 BC Vitruvius described a grain mill powered by a water wheel and gear transmission, and in 28 BC someone equipped a carriage with an odometer.
Brian Dunning devoted an episode of Skeptoid to the Antikythera Mechanism: http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4184