For every command you run, assume there is a man page, and assume there is quick help, there usually and often are both.
$ man man # The man command has a man page about itself.
$ man -help # The man command has quick help.
A lot of this stuff is 40 years of accumulated and evolving conventions. Quick ref might not be available for a particular command, or might be found with -h, -help or --help.
Read the bash man page. Or whichever shell you're using, but if you haven't set it yourself it's probably bash.
The bash man page is pretty large, so don't read it all at once. Here's table of contents script that will give you a man page's table of contents. Make yourself a bin directory at /home/yourlogin/bin, then put it and other little tools that you write in there. Make them executable, and put that directory on your path. ("bin" is an old convention for "binary" or compiled programs. Ironically, most of what you put in there will not be binary. :)
$ cat ~/bin/toc
#! /usr/bin/env bash
if [[ $# == 2 ]]; then
man -S $2 -P "grep -E '^[^ ]'" $1
else
man -P "grep -E '^[^ ]'" $1
fi
$ toc time
TIME(1) General Commands Manual TIME(1)
NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
FORMATTING THE OUTPUT
EXAMPLES
ACCURACY
DIAGNOSTICS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO
$ toc time 2
TIME(2) Linux Programmer's Manual TIME(2)
NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
RETURN VALUE
ERRORS
CONFORMING TO
NOTES
SEE ALSO
COLOPHON
Linux 2011-09-09 TIME(2)
$ man -S 2 time # As opposed to $ man time
$ man -k time # Show every man page title that has "time" in the tile or synopsis.
Learn about command history, and command line recall and editing
$ history # Shows all your recent commands.
http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html
http://bash.cumulonim.biz/BashPitfalls.html but don't worry too much about this yet, you have actual work to do instead. Just tuck it away for later.
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html same, later.
Learn about pipes, redirection and command substitution. https://duckduckgo.com/?t=lm&q=bash+command+substitution&ia=...
Use vim. Or emacs. But vim.
I use the urxvt terminal emulator. In my package repository it's called rxvt-unicode-256color. It has nice color support and unicode support, and a nice, very simple tab system.
Use tmux if you can, when/if you need it. My use of urxvt means I almost never need tmux (at home). I use it all the time at work, for its tab-like behavior. Most people who use tmux use it for its session management (I think).
Two good books:
Effective Computation in Physics http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920033424.do
It's a decent intro to Python, if you need/want that. But even if you don't care much about Python, or physics (I don't), it's also a decent introduction to how to use Unix to get shit done.
Unix Power Tools http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596003302.do
It's a door stop, but you can it it as an ebook (and all O'reilly digital products are DRM-free). Remember I said an accumulation of 40 years? It's all in here. I love this book.