Asking if a code formatting tool "obviates the need for design patterns" is the wrong question, because it assumes that there is a need for design patterns in the first place.
I do agree with you that a code formatting tool is not capable of somehow fixing software design and architecture decisions. However, "design patterns" by their GoF meaning exist as to address shortcomings of the languages and tools used: most of their advice does not make sense as soon as you move away from Java into less object-oriented or less procedural languages. To talk about "the need for design patterns" as if they are some sort of mathematical truth is misleading and dangerous.
So, yes, I would argue that Go does not need the Visitor pattern (and so would Rob Pike [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/golang-nuts/3fOIZ1VLn1...] ), code formatting tool notwithstanding.